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Prospective study to develop surface landmarks for blind axillary vein puncture for permanent pacemaker and defibrillator lead implantation and compare it to available contrast venography guided technique - ScienceDirect
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A Comparison of Lead Placement Through the Subclavian Vein Technique With Fluoroscopy-Guided Axillary Vein Technique for Permanent Pacemaker Insertion - Canadian Journal of Cardiology
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Ultrasound-Guided Axillary Vein Access for Cardiac Device Implantation: 6-Step Approach for a Safe Procedure
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Axillary vein access using ultrasound guidance, Venography or Cephalic Cutdown—What is the optimal access technique for insertion of pacing leads? - Davis - 2021 - Journal of Arrhythmia - Wiley Online Library
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Extrathoracic subclavian‐axillary vein location and morphological features over the first rib for pacemaker and defibrillator lead implantation - Vurgun - 2018 - Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology - Wiley Online Library
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Ultrasound-Guided Axillary Vein Access for Cardiac Device Implantation: 6-Step Approach for a Safe Procedure
![Refractory axillary venous spasm during permanent pacemaker implantation | The Egyptian Heart Journal | Full Text Refractory axillary venous spasm during permanent pacemaker implantation | The Egyptian Heart Journal | Full Text](https://media.springernature.com/m685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs43044-020-00102-z/MediaObjects/43044_2020_102_Fig1_HTML.png)
Refractory axillary venous spasm during permanent pacemaker implantation | The Egyptian Heart Journal | Full Text
Expert Perspective: Felix Yang, MD, FHRS, CCDS, discusses part 1 of axillary vein access using the Caudal Fluoro view on Vimeo
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How to perform extrathoracic venous access for cardiac implantable electronic device placement: Detailed description of techniques - ScienceDirect
![emDOCs.net – Emergency Medicine EducationUS Probe: Ultrasound Guided Subclavian/Axillary Vein Catheterization - emDOCs.net - Emergency Medicine Education emDOCs.net – Emergency Medicine EducationUS Probe: Ultrasound Guided Subclavian/Axillary Vein Catheterization - emDOCs.net - Emergency Medicine Education](https://i0.wp.com/www.emdocs.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Figure-1-axillary-vein.png?resize=502%2C421)
emDOCs.net – Emergency Medicine EducationUS Probe: Ultrasound Guided Subclavian/Axillary Vein Catheterization - emDOCs.net - Emergency Medicine Education
![Figure 3 from Fluoroscopy-Guided Axillary Vein Puncture, a Reliable Method to Prevent Acute Complications Associated With Pacemaker, Defibrillator, and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Leads Insertion | Semantic Scholar Figure 3 from Fluoroscopy-Guided Axillary Vein Puncture, a Reliable Method to Prevent Acute Complications Associated With Pacemaker, Defibrillator, and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Leads Insertion | Semantic Scholar](https://d3i71xaburhd42.cloudfront.net/6202aacf61d8f9e16f5c75baba71f4e0f3e97055/3-Figure3-1.png)
Figure 3 from Fluoroscopy-Guided Axillary Vein Puncture, a Reliable Method to Prevent Acute Complications Associated With Pacemaker, Defibrillator, and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Leads Insertion | Semantic Scholar
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